The five main properties of metals are as follows:
1. Metallic Luster
Metals have a shiny, reflective surface due to the way their electrons interact with light. For example, gold and silver are well-known for their lustrous appearance, which makes them suitable for jewelry and decorative purposes.
2. High Electrical Conductivity
Metals are excellent conductors of electricity because their outer electrons can move freely. Copper and aluminum are commonly used in electrical wires and circuitry due to this property.
3. High Thermal Conductivity
Metals efficiently transfer heat, making them ideal for applications like cookware (e.g., stainless steel pots) and heat sinks in electronic devices. This property arises from the movement of free electrons and lattice vibrations within the metal structure.
4. Malleability and Ductility
Malleability: Metals can be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without breaking. Gold, for instance, can be beaten into extremely thin gold leaf.
Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires. Copper is a prime example, as it is stretched into electrical cables.
5. High Density and Strength
Most metals have a high mass per unit volume (density) and strong interatomic bonds, giving them mechanical strength. Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, is widely used in construction due to its high tensile strength and durability.
These properties stem from the metallic bonding in metals, where free electrons hold positive metal ions together in a lattice structure.
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